Chemistry Lab Experiment: The Flame Test Essay

Fire test: Point: To figure out which some portion of the salt is liable for the qualities in the fire. Speculation: If we present a metal salt in the blue fire of the Bunsen burner, at that point the shading radiated by the fire is because of the metal piece of the salt. Strategy: (1)With a warmth verification tangle under the Bunsen burner, turn the gas on and illuminate the Bunsen burner with matches. (2)Pour enough Hydrochloric corrosive into a measuring utencil. (3)Using your wire, plunge it into the measuring glass containing Hydrochloric corrosive (4)Place it into the fire for a couple of moments; this is the cleaning technique to maintain a strategic distance from sullying of different arrangements. In the event that the Bunsen burner fire doesn't change shading, at that point your wire is perfect and you can continue to dunk it into a metal salt. (5)Dip your wire into a metal salt either the nitrate or chloride and spot the wire onto the tip of the blue fire. (6)Observe the adjustment in shade of the Bunsen burners fire and record the perceptions as you go. (7)As long as you clean the wire as coordinated in sync 3-4 you can continue into testing the other metal salts. QUESTIONS: Q1: Were there any primary contrast between the chloride salts and the nitrate salts? On the off chance that there was please remark on what it was Yes, I had watched some contrast between the shading created from the chloride and nitrate salts present in one fire test. The strontium fire conceded both a comparable orange shading, however the strontium nitrate has a significantly more lively dull orange than the strontium chloride. Q2: Suggest reasons why the examination tried both nitrate and chloride salts? The investigation tried both nitrate and chloride salts to permit us to look at which some portion of salt is liable for the shading change of the fire. Q3: Suggest why flares on gas oven consume orange-yellow when a modest quantity of water bubbles over onto them? This is because of the synthetic substances present in the water, for example, sodium chloride, calcium particle. The orange-yellow fire conceded could likewise be because of the fixings added to the water, for example, salt. Conversation: At the point when the metal salt is acquainted with the fire, the electrons retain heat vitality and can bounce into a higher vitality level. Since the electrons are presently at a higher and all the more vivaciously flimsy level, they fall down to their unique shell, by doing so obvious light is transmitted because of the vitality discharge. Name a potential wellspring of test blunder and recommend at any rate one approach to lessen the impact: A potential trial mistake that could have impact the outcome is pollution of metal salts. As coordinated in the means you should clean the wire utilizing hydrochloric corrosive. By doing this you are evacuating any hints of the past metal salts that could change the genuine nature of the fire produce by an alternate metal salt. By reusing a similar wire at each metal salt, you could diminish the impact. Each wire will be totally liberated from defilement of other metal salts as it will be presented to just one metal salt. End: Information gathered from the fire test distinguished that both chloride and nitrogen tried were indistinguishable, which means metal is liable for the shading delivered in the fire. This is proof that unequivocally underpins my theory; along these lines I acknowledge my speculation on that premise.

Essay Topics For the Revolutionary War

Essay Topics For the Revolutionary WarIf you're going to write an essay, one of the essay topics that you should be considering is the Revolutionary War. If you're going to read it carefully, it's difficult to miss the parallels between the present and the past. You'll find an essay topic for the Revolutionary War in the essay topic for the revolutionary war.The Revolutionary War has been described as a war for independence from England. It was fought over what most Americans today call 'Independence Day' - the day in 1776 when America declared its independence from Great Britain.During the Revolutionary War, American soldiers took part in many great battles, including the Battle of Lexington and Concord and the Battle of Bunker Hill. As the battle raged on, we see that the Patriot soldiers were fighting for American independence from England. Even though the Patriots won those battles, they were not able to overthrow King George III's government.Many American patriots who died on th e battlefields for their country wanted the whole country to be free. Unfortunately, the Patriot leaders did not win the war. Their intent was not to defeat the British. In fact, a number of Patriots believed that if their army could not defeat the British, they should leave their country rather than fight for freedom.History is so full of similarities to today's situation, that when you consider the Revolutionary War essay topic, it seems to get even more relevant and contemporary. An example is a Revolutionary War-style letter that would be written by a group of citizens in North America during that period.It seems obvious that a group of patriotic citizens in that time period would have wanted to make their nation free. If you read this group of letters carefully, you'll discover that they are speaking of the need to overthrow the king, free the oppressed people, and restore America's place as a free republic.They do not seem to have the answers, but they understand certain point s. An essay topic for the Revolutionary War would be about the cause for the group to fight. It's important to realize that the revolution must be successful in order for it to last.If America did not suffer a defeat, it would have eventually collapsed. This is the same lesson of history that we see in today's history.

Popular Culture of TV watching in USA and China

Chapter by chapter guide Introduction The motivation behind why this investigation is significant Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Popular culture has accepted various definitions from being viewed as regular culture, people culture, to mainstream society; and every one of these definitions have changed across time ever (English Department, University of California p.1).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Popular Culture of TV viewing in USA and China explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The post-War American culture has encountered coming and development of mainstream society at pretty much every point in history of the nation. In this post-war period, America’s mainstream society turned into a reflection and portrayal of business culture described by the entirety of its components, for example, motion pictures, TV, radio, the internet, promoting, toys, and pretty much every ware that meet all requirements for procurement. Likewise, the m ainstream society was shown in various types of workmanship, photography, games, and even aggregate gatherings such comet watching and rave moving (English Department, University of California p.1). Appearance of TV mixed the American populace as relaxation time moved to TV viewing, devouring the biggest piece of people’s time. The motivation behind why this examination is significant John Store in the book ‘Cultural considers and the investigation of famous culture’ noticed that TV is the mainstream social structure that portrays the 21st century (Story p.9). The creator further attests that TV has advanced as world’s most famous relaxation movement where in USA, around 67 percent of the populace sit in front of the TV day by day while 98 percent of the populace own TVs (Story p.9). Overall, it has been assessed that Americas go through around seven years of their whole lives staring at the TV (Story p.9). Since the approach of mass utilization of TV item s in USA, numerous authors have hypothesized how TV watching has had the antagonistic impacts to youngsters, however this exposition paper exhibit that, even with coming of mass utilization of TV items, youngsters have obtained some important viewpoints as far as qualities, standards, and item social perspectives from staring at the TV. The ascent of TV in America was joined by rise and change in buyer showcase as publicizing turned into the inside stage in advancing items. TV caused more recreation insurgencies particularly in estate by altering the design of the homes as spatial game plans of houses changed with need to move and develop parlors essential for sufficient TV viewing (Anon p.1). Television changed the dietary patterns of the Americans, the same number of individuals, while watching TV’s, mentioned for bites, comfort and finger nourishments, together with different things like TV meals and TV plate (Anon p.1). On by and large, TV adjusted how Americans used thei r leisure time and another time of data was brought into the world that for long time has changed what data is accessible to individuals and how individuals can get to it (Anon p.1).Advertising Looking for paper on social examinations? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More interestingly, TV viewing in Asian nations has consistently developed as a mainstream society, which is being grasped by youthful populaces in these nations. China is one nation that TV watching has become a structure culture to kids, young people, and grown-ups. Nonetheless, when contrasted with USA culture, sitting in front of the TV programs in China is controlled and managed by the express, a circumstance that has constrained some youngsters to turn to web TV where they watch downloaded TV programs (Contact Music Ltd p.1). The impact of TV viewing or TV culture in China has less effect when contrasted with that of USA †where there is less guideline of TV programming. Nonetheless, in the two societies, TV watching has expanded industrialism, an issue that has raised worries from partners (Contact Music Ltd p.1). TV prevalence among kids came about into a considerable lot of them subbing it with other significant things like physical activities and extra-clock perusing so as to sit in front of the TV (Great Britain, House of Commons Committee p.163). Consequently, TV turned into a prevailing angle in the lives of the youngsters, while simultaneously, it turned into a significant effect on children’s qualities and practices, together with affecting on kids wellbeing and instruction accomplishment (Great Britain, House of Commons Committee p.163). Television supplanted guardians and instructors as teachers, good examples, and essential wellspring of data concerning the world just as how to carry on. In addition, TV was favored as it was the genuine road kids and youngsters could discover all the abovementioned. As reality infring ed in youngsters and kids couldn't separate between dream on TV and reality, and thusly, they became survivors of thousands of notices that advanced liquor, low quality nourishments, quick food sources, toys, and all types of wrongdoing comedies (Great Britain, House of Commons Committee p.163). Basically, promotion stirs interest of sentiments of missing something, in this way the should be procured. Thus, with TV plug notices, there came more savagery among youthful populace, while sexuality issues, certain generalizations, and medications and liquor misuse became prevailing subjects on TV (Great Britain, House of Commons Committee p.163). On opposite, Carole L. Edelman and Carol L. Mandle in their book titled ‘Health Promotion through the life span’ note that TV viewing was and has not generally displayed and advanced negative angles, but instead, some positive perspectives exist (Edelman and Mandle p.14). For example, the creator focuses to kids projects, for exampl e, ‘Mr. Rogers’, Neighborhood’, and ‘Reading Rainbow’, together with different projects, for example, ‘Call It Macaroni’, ‘Seventh Heaven’, and ‘Full House’ as a portion of the formative projects that sway positive angles among youngsters (Edelman and Mandle p.14).Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Popular Culture of TV viewing in USA and China explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More all in all, it very well may be said that, examine on mainstream society is various as more topics of mainstream society exist, consequently require top to bottom examinations particularly concerning culturally diverse research of the effect of TV viewing. By and by, TV as mainstream society supposedly is a significant territory of research, as more writing exists on the negative parts of TV on little youngsters. What needs is sufficient and observationally bolstered research to show that, as much analysis about TV sway on little youngsters would need defense, in a similar domain, there exists positive angles that TV transmit to small kids. Works Cited Anon. â€Å"Popular Culture.† Popular Culture. Web. Contact Music Ltd. 300 Million Watching TV on Laptops in China. 2010. Web. Edelman, Carole L. what's more, Mandle, Carol L. Wellbeing advancement for the duration of the life expectancy. ML: Elsevier Health Sciences. 2005. Web. English Department, University of California. â€Å"Pop Culture.† English Department, University of California. Web. Incredible Britain, House of Commons Committee. The Government’s Public Health White Paper (Cm 6374): Written Evidence. London: The Stationery Office. 2005. Web.Advertising Searching for paper on social examinations? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Story, John. Social investigations and the investigation of mainstream society. Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 2003. Web. This article on Popular Culture of TV viewing in USA and China was composed and put together by client Jayleen Jacobson to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; nonetheless, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Analysis Of I Too Sing America - 733 Words

â€Å"I, Too† written by Langston Hughes is a poem about America in times of prejudice and injustice. This poem conveys more than unequal treatment to those of color. Hughes utilizes imagery to create a mental picture for the reader of what it felt like to be an African American at that time. Symbolism is utilized to represent America and its people as well. He wrote the poem from the perspective of a slave in the Jim Crow South. To give some background information on Langston Hughes he lived through a lifetime of America growing and transforming regarding equal rights for those of color. Slavery had been abolished before he was even born, he still encountered racism and oppression. Through his poetry he stands up and fights for African†¦show more content†¦This symbolizes the ways in which African Americans educated themselves to fight injustices. In the second stanza he talks about tomorrow by saying â€Å"Tomorrow / I’ll be at the table.† (8-9). Even though this stanza is written in present tense the reader can assume that he does not literal mean tomorrow, but a distant future. He demonstrates hopefulness and optimism through this. He is saying that in the future, he will be able to sit down with everybody regardless of skin color. Not only does Hughes say he say those lines proud fully, he also says â€Å"When company comes. / Nobody’ll dare / say to me / â€Å"Eat in the kitchen.† (10-13). With this being said, the reader can understand that ultimately Hughes is saying that America will be ashamed for all the injustices they made him and African Americans go through. When the day comes, no one will demand him to go eat in the kitchen. The fourth stanza goes after the same idea of the third. He says â€Å"They’ll see how beautiful I am / and be ashamed- (16-17). This goes back to the idea that not only will African Americans be seen as equal, but those who had oppressed them for hundreds of years will regret it and recognize how wrong it was for whites to do what they did. America will recognize the beauty in the culture. Just as he begins the poem, heShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of `` I, Too, Sing America ``942 Words   |  4 Pageslives have been ruin by this one act. Hughes skill in representing deep emotion and impacting the reader while still depicting very real situations serves to promote his plea for change (Gohar, 151). Another poem that discusses inequality is â€Å"I, Too, Sing America†; however, this poem takes a slightly more positive perspective. This poem begins on a somber note as the narrator states that he is forced to eat in the kitchen rather than at the dining table with the white people. Still, the narrator keepsRead MoreI Too Sing America Analysis852 Words   |  4 PagesSinging America Langston Hughes has cited Walt Whitman as one of his greatest influences he has had, and some believe that Hughes wrote I, Too, Sing America in response to Whitmans I Hear America Singing. Hughes builds on to Whitmans poem by writing his poem along the same lines and basics as Whitmans. Both poems talk about the way people work hard, how they sing America, and the way they are so content and never complain. All the characters work all day and they sing America, meaning theyRead MorePoem Analysis On I, Too, Sing America 1611 Words   |  7 PagesDai Yueh Cheng Dr. Smedley English 1B 9 March 2015 Poem analysis on â€Å"I, Too, Sing America† In the poem â€Å"I, Too, Sing America† by Langston Hughes, he envisions a greater America, a more inclusive America where all the races can proudly represent themselves as American citizens. Hughes was a leader of Harlem Renaissance, and had tremendous pride of his race as an African American. However, during that time period, African Americans were being considered as second-class race, and they were being segregatedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Great Gatsby And I Too, Sing America979 Words   |  4 Pagesexpress their opinions through underlying themes in their stories thus allowing writers to be spokespeople of their times. From The Great Gatsby to The Crucible to â€Å"I, Too, Sing America,† each author has expressed the values, critiques of society and traits of their times through their stories and poems. During the early 1920’s, America experienced a post-war economic growth, which increased the average income of an American home. This allowed big businesses to rise and the growth of the AmericanRead MoreAnalysis and Interpretation of I, Too Sing America by Langston Hughes1148 Words   |  5 PagesPoem I, Too Sing America is considered to be very characteristic for radical poetry of Langston Hughes. The majority of literary critiques and historians refer to Hughes as one of the first American poets, who set the standards and examples how to challenge the post-World War I ethnic nationalism. His poetry contributed and shaped to some extent the politics of the Harlem Renaissance. In analysis of Black poetry Charles S. Johnson wrote that the new racial poetry of the Negro is the expressionRead MoreI, Too explication891 Words   |  4 Pagesexplication of â€Å"I, Too† by Langston Hughes An analysis of Langston Hughes’ poem â€Å"I, Too† in the book The Norton Introduction to Literature (1021), shows that the author used distinct word choice and imagery to write a timeless poem about ignorance and bigotry that can be applied to any group of oppressed people, while at the same time he conveyed a strong sense of hope that at some future time, all will be welcome at the table. The opening line of â€Å"I, Too,† â€Å"I, too sing America† (1) speaks to allRead MoreAnalysis Of Langston Hughes s Poem I, Too978 Words   |  4 Pages Langston Hughes America, the ideals of freedom, equality, and opportunity traditionally held to be available to every American. This is what everyone was told, what the Declaration of Independence states. But, Langston Hughes a black American poet in the Harlem Renaissance period saw the truth. Being an African American in the United States during the early 1900’s was difficult. Many lived a life full of hardships; segregation, prejudice and economic hardships, viewed as second-class citizensRead MoreA Comparative Analysis of Harlem Renaissance Poetry Essay596 Words   |  3 PagesComparative Analysis of Harlem Renaissance Poetry) The great philosopher Plato once orated: â€Å"Every heart sings a song, incomplete, until another heart whispers back. PBS defines the the Harlem Renaissance a â€Å"Cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem between the end of World War I and the middle of the 1930s. During this period Harlem was a cultural center, drawing black writers, artists, musicians, photographers, poets, and scholars.† Those who wish to sing always findRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Maya Angelou s I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings 1036 Words   |  5 PagesFily Thiam English 002 Mrs. Vilato 9 April 2015 Rhetorical Analysis on â€Å"Graduation† by Maya Angelou In Graduation, a chapter in her autobiography â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings†, Maya Angelou talks vividly about her middle school graduation in the segregated South. Graduation is an important milestone in most people’s life, as they get a degree and move on to their next level, something better and more important, with the hope that they can use their new knowledge to achieve their life goals andRead MoreAnalysis Of Angie Thomass The Hate U Give786 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough this essay was written several years before the Harlem Renaissance was in full swing, the quote by Dubois is a precursor to the brilliance to come. Its also worth noting that Starrs experience in The Hate U Give solidly parallels Du Boiss analysis of Double-Consciousness. One of the major themes in The Hate U Give is the â€Å"two-ness† that the main character faces. Although she is from a poorer neighborhood, she attends a private school in an affluent area. Because the dialogue surrounding

Western Feminism - The Cancer - 4168 Words

Western Feminism – The Cancer in Our Society. -- there is no Tl;Dr. Don t bother asking for one. Now before you all turn your eyes away and think I’m an oppressing, patriarchal, misogynistic, cock gobbling, women hating asshole, keep your eyes on the page and let me express my opinion in 4000 words. I’m not gay. The idea of equality for everyone is a noble one. Equality for race and gender, specifically, have been fought for for over a century. This simple idea of being able to live the way you want to without any constraints put on you just like any other person is a dream that we all know oh so well. The feminists on the other side of the world that are still fighting for their basic rights have my full and undivided support! But the idea of gender equality being driven here is fundamentally different than say race equality. The women here want complete and total equality, which is to say that everything we get, they get. But gender equality isn’t as easy to achieve as race equality. While the culture behind different races are different, many other factors stay mainly the same, which is why race equality was fought so hard for. This is much different with the two genders, however. Inherently, males and females have little to no commonality. They behave psychologically different – as portrayed by how each gender would work in groups of their own gender, how they would work with the other gender, the decisions that they make, etc – are completely built different, and soShow MoreRelatedUnder Western Eyes : Feminist Scholarship And Colonial Discourses And The Ri se Of Ecofeminism As A Development Fable936 Words   |  4 PagesThis critique reflects on Mohanty’s â€Å"Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses† and Moore’s â€Å"The Rise and Rise of Ecofeminism as a Development Fable: A Response to Melissa Leach’s ‘Earth Mothers and Other Ecofeminist Fables: How a Strategic Notion Rose and Fell.† Both articles raise questions of essentialism as a necessary element in feminism itself, and of naivety, validity and value of essentialized feminist works. This firstly challenges the biological and social definitionRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Marjane Satrapi1110 Words   |  5 PagesRunner, tells the story of a Pashtun boy and the consequences of extremism in Afghanistan, such as racism and sexism. Both Hosseini and Satrapi use the historical backdrop of their work to develop the theme of feminism. Both novels include women developing their own personal views of feminism within their patriarchal society. In Persepolis, by Marjane Satrapi, the protagonist is influenced by the women around her; they help shape her beliefs and individuality as a woman in Iran. When Islamic extremistsRead MoreThe Media Image Of Women1129 Words   |  5 Pagesit using a twenty-first century feminist lens. Where twentieth century feminism focused on economic injustice and struggle for equal pay for equal work, twenty-first century feminism focuses on a more complex understanding of issues and how they relate to each other. Contemporary feminism raises the question of who has been liberated and who has been left behind. What seems to be liberating for rich, privileged, white, western trans women such as Caitlyn Jenner is not in fact liberating for othersRead MoreFeminism in the Western World1342 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism has had a profound effect on the lives of women across the western world. First wave feminism enabled women equal political rights, second wave fought for reproductive rights and wo men’s ability to enter the workplace and third wave fought for a more inclusive movement, addressing sexuality, class and race. Feminism is such an expansive subject that it has many different strands and often contradictory viewpoints. Today ‘empowered’ is the word of choice by many young women and celebritiesRead MoreEcofeminism Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pagesrevitalization movement . I will begin by characterizing a definition of ecofeminism; I will then bring to the forefront the ethical issues that Ecofeminism is involved with, then distinguish primary ideas and criticisms. Though in theory, ecological feminism has been around for a number of years, it emerged as a political movement in the 1970s. Francoise dEaubonne, a French feminist philosopher, coined the term Ecofeminism in 1974. Ecofeminism is a feminist approach to environmental ethics. KarenRead More Eco-feminism Essay1188 Words   |  5 Pagesrevitalization movement . I will begin by characterizing a definition of ecofeminism; I will then bring to the forefront the ethical issues that Ecofeminism is involved with, then distinguish primary ideas and criticisms. Though in theory, ecological feminism has been around for a number of years, it emerged as a political movement in the 1970s. Francoise d’Eaubonne, a French feminist philosopher, coined the term â€Å"Ecofeminism† in 1974. Ecofeminism is a feminist approach to environmental ethics. KarenRead MoreAnalysis Of Marilyn Fryes Theory Of Oppression1689 Words   |  7 Pagestheory to a modern day case. How does this all relate to modern day issues? While the aforementioned essay within her book was not necessarily written all too long ago, feminism has changed and adapted to fit in with younger generations. As of right now feminism is currently quite the hot topic throughout the media in both western regions as well as more conservative regions. Oppression continues to remain hidden within â€Å"chivalrous† behaviors and ideals as presented by male dominated institutionsRead MoreFeminism : A Patriarchal Society2654 Words   |  11 PagesAccording to Webster dictionary, feminism is defined as â€Å"the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities.† When people today hear the word feminism, they tend to think of women who disdain men and want to overthrow their power within a country. On the contrary though, women are mostly equalitarian in which they want to work against the power structures and have equal rights or gender equality within a s ociety like most men have. Most women are forced to live within a patriarchalRead MoreSociological Perspectives On Health And Social Care3443 Words   |  14 Pagesaddition for the man is to carry out the instrumental function he is the ‘breadwinner of the family and should be in paid employment to assure its material wellbeing.’’ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_functionalism P1) Feminism: Feminists have different types of movements and ideologies aimed at establishing, and defending equal political, economic, cultural, and social rights for women across the globe. This involves trying to get equal opportunities for women in educationRead MoreWomen, Hair, And Cancer10628 Words   |  43 PagesChapter Three Women, Hair, and Cancer in the Media 3.1. Introducing television into the home / The Rise of the (social) Media [†¦]After going downstairs, for breakfast, Leonda picks up the remote and clicks on the TV. She â€Å"channels surfs† until she comes across a network morning show that has the stat of a big new Hollywood movie as a guest. [†¦] Later [†¦], [s]he spends the rest of the period flipping through a â€Å"women’s† magazine featuring articles- and many advertisements- on fashion, makeup, health

The Accounting Principles And Procedures - 927 Words

When a company reports its financial reports, the information is expected to be reliable, verifiable, consistency, and comparability when applying accounting principles and procedures. The accounting principles and procedures directly affect the company’s balance sheet and it financial statement by depending on hot it’s prepared and interpreted. If there are any changes in the accounting principles and procedures when preparing the financial statements, it should be notified and documented any changes that made to the company’s accounting practices. Therefore, this paper is going to address about a company that has decided to change its accounting method of depreciation to a declining balance method and weather its decrease net income or not, results of changes in principle or estimate, importance of choosing the accounting methods, and the influence of errors and corrections in the financial statements. Changing Depreciation method to a Declining Balance Method The straight-line method has always used by the company, but recently the company decided to change its method of depreciating long term assets to be consistent with major competitors, which use a declining-balance method. However, this change will cause past expenses to be higher and income to be lower. 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The FASB or Financial Accounting Standards Board formed in 1973 issuedRead MoreProcurement and Accounting Issues1305 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract In this case of Toy Central Cooperation the aim is to evaluate company risks and accounting issues facing a Toy Company, and establish how these issues would transform into required particular audit risks. In performing the analyses, there is need to draw on all-purpose information of toys and perhaps to investigate a number of of the accounting procedure issues confronting the Toy Company. Throughout this evaluation and analyses, there is a necessity for the Company to see a needRead MorePoliticalization of Accounting Standards Essay example657 Words   |  3 Pages†¢ Case 1-3 Politicalization of Accounting Standards Some accountants have said that politicalization in the development and acceptance of generally accepted accounting principles (i.e., standard setting) is taking place. 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Agnor Wolsker The Relationship Between FASB and IASB Introduction The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) was created after the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) to establish a single set of accounting procedures and standards for both boards. The process has not always been an easy one, but the goal of merging the accounting standards globally overrides the disagreements. Overcoming impediments, such as language, culture, economic and political

Benefits of Understanding Business Processes Sample for Students

Questions: 1.What are the Benefits of Understanding Business Processes?2.What makes it Difficult for Organisations to Understand Business Processes?3.What Difficulties Might an Organisation Experience if it does not Fully Understand its Business Processes? Answers: Introduction Business process management is considered as a field in operations management that would be helpful in improving the performance of the business and hep in managing the processes prevailing within the firm (Jeston and Nelis 2014). It is considered as a process optimization process. It is often stated that business optimization process is considered as an efficient way to manage the processes of the firm with better implementation and achievements of the targets than the traditional hierarchical manner. Handling the internal and external issues of the firm efficiently with the utilization of such management processes would enable the firm to incur low costs and higher profits on behalf of the firm. This would affect the productivity of the firm, positively (Rosemann and vom Brocke 2015). The aim if this report is to analyse the advantages that could be attained by the firm by following a process perspective with the use of business process management. In order to analyse this aspect, a brief detail has been provided regarding the business process management. It help in getting a clear view of this methodology. The report then frames the advantages of understanding the business process by a firm, the disadvantages created when the workers of the firm do not understand the prevailing business process and the issues that may be faced by organization by being unable to process the business process tactfully. These aspects would help in analysing the benefits that could be attained by analysing a process perspective of the firm. Business process management business process management aims at controlling the processes of policies and plans being conducted within a firm. it is quite effective for the firm to analyse the processes through which efficiency in the productivity of the firm could be achieved. the term business process management is considered as an important aspect of the firm that helps them to study, identity and analyse the change that has been subjected in monitoring the business. The basic goal of the firm is to discover, model, analyse, measure, improve and optimize the business processes. The process should coordinate the behaviour of the employees, system of the business and the information within the firm thereby supporting the outcomes of the business strategy that has been framed. The processes that has been framed by the firm could be structured and repeatable or unstructured and variable in nature. Business process management is aligned with the informational technology to business strategies (Conger 2015). 1.Benefits of understanding business process In todays world, the firm faces an intensified competition among each other. The competitors may be both small and big. The leaders of such organizations are under immense pressure that would be competitive in nature and would be efficient enough to reduce their costs and raise their productivity in order to improve the business processes. In order to overcome the business provisions prevailing in the environment, it is quite vital for the firms to manage their business process management that would be beneficial in improving and enhancing their operational efficiency, improve the customer service and increase the product and service innovation (Trkman et al. 2015). The business process management helps the firms to prepare the global competitions by enabling the business leaders in improving their organizational performance through analiszation, designing, implementation, monitoring, control and modifying he operational business processes. This helps the managers in measuring, responding and controlling the business processes prevailing within the firm. Application in the information technology solutions is adhered with the use of business processes directly. Business processes coordinated the improvement of staff productivity prevailing within the firm. Implementation of quick responses to challenges and opportunities is quite easily agreeable by the organization through implementing the effective business processes. Business process management incorporate the continues process improvement techniques and further uses them in the conjunction with the technologies in order to optimize the processes. The management process acts as an initiator to accelerate the processes of the methodologies in the system. The organizational efficiency is increased within the firm that would be efficient enough in enhancing the processes of business within the firm by focussing on three element of business known as agility, visibility and efficiency (Dumas et al. 2013). Agility refers to the constant state of change prevailing in the organization. It is quite vital for the business processes to adapt into new methodologies and business processes. These business processes would make the processes prevailing within the firm more agile in nature. It requires rigorous documentation of the steps in the business process thereby providing a detailed structure of the plans to be undertaken by the firm. Business process mana gement is implemented with the usage of various sophisticated software programs that are beneficial in automating the process and monitoring their performances. Process automation reveals how the process is functioning without requiring labour intensive manual monitoring techniques (Trkman 2013).The organizations employ various business process management principles that would implement various implemented ways in which the costs and raise the productivity of the firm. The benefits that are associated with the formulation of such process would be efficient in performing and implementing controls to monitor the process of the future output. 2.Difficulties in understanding business process The business proceedings have to follow some discipline in order to maintain and regulate their operations. In fact, there are several discrepancies and miscommunications, which take place within the organizational structure that leads to a major consequence and disrupts the proper flow of operations. The significance of business processing management is necessary to incorporate so that the emerging imparts on the business procedures are not drastic harmful to the business. Moreover, the concerns, which are essentially important to consider while complying with the strategies of the operational plan, are based on the characteristics of business processing and operation. Primarily the proposals and operational plan of the organization gets suspended if the correction if the operations are not properly interpreted. Accordingly, a number of factors are associated with the chain of events that are required by the management in order to execute several functions. The poor implementation o f the processing management causes damages to the internal structures of the business. The relative aspects of business processing management involve factors, which have consequently have an effect on the procedures of the theories of organizational effectiveness. The enterprise has to incur damages and cover losses due, as they do not follow the formal structure, which is responsible for inspecting the correct appropriation of all the resources. Processing all the relevant action involves carrying out a number of function, which has minimal impact over the following set of actions, and functions. The declining accounts can be a detrimental factor for the organization if they do not abide by the regulations of the formal structure that is ensured in the processing module. Generally, a suitable combination of a supporting hardware-software enables the best flow of practices, which are responsible for the current determining and predicting the evaluations of the business structures. T he best practices and methods are responsible for maintaining the culture of work and operations of the suggested situation. The necessity of following a formal plan will enable in the best of the result, which can enhance the working policies and outcome, liken increasing the productivity and financial statements that are involved in comprehending the impact of contingency and risks. Often the suggested risk factors are not indicative of any thrust of the operation which will have a drastic impact on the objectives and planned structure goals of the organization. The operational infrastructure that determines the books of account, the gains, expenditure, and finance along with the relevant opportunities of the organizations is determined by the business processing apparatus, which keeps a check on the specifications of the business phenomenon. The coalition in the processing managements well the structures will assign the sustainability of the resources. In this case it is necessar y to ascertain the circumstances the innovations and the processing structure of the business. 3.Issues faced by organization So far it could be stated that business process management works as an important role for the organizations in order to enhance their growth in the market. It is quite beneficial for the firms to use upgraded technologies in overcoming the discrepancies that might have existed within the firm. It helps in acknowledging certain strategies that would be efficient in gaining the market power for the firm among its competitors. Yet, it could be stated that the firms do not always understand the implementation of business process management (Becker, Kugeler and Rosemann 2013). The complexity of the programs is not always easy to be implemented and promoted within the internal framework of the firm. Business process management is complicated in nature and time consuming. It adhered to the transfer of business processes that involves the identification and sorting the processes which is a complex as well as time-consuming task. It needs to be assessed and the companies need to invest a lot of capital in the formulation of the processes. The business process management systems face difficulties in training the employees of the firm that would rather operate with the advanced technical skills. These skills and abilities is not result interpreted (Van Der Aalst 2013). Hence, it could be stated that the companies need to incur additional costs in training their employees for the formulation of such processes. Improper provisions of training within the system would hamper the flow of the program within the system. This would indirectly affect the productivity, which may also lead to high turnover rate due to the implementations of complex systems. Hence, if the firms do not understand the processes properly, it would be quite difficult for the smooth formulation of the processes to be conducted. Conclusion Business process management system is a unique technology that is highly efficient in generating and developing the productivity of the firm. Bpm systems are modern and advanced technological outcomes that organizations are using to keep up to date with the environmental changes. The application of bpms has different opportunities. This makes organizations flexible to the environmental changes. In addition the system makes the organization activities process entered as a result, it speeds up the general business activities. Speeding up of the business processes will in turn improves the decision making process so that customers satisfaction can increase. In general business process management systems improves the performance and efficiency of organizations towards business activities. Reference Becker, J., Kugeler, M. and Rosemann, M. eds., 2013.Process management: a guide for the design of business processes. Springer Science Business Media. Chang, J.F., 2016.Business process management systems: strategy and implementation. CRC Press. Conger, S., 2015. Six sigma and business process management. InHandbook on Business Process Management 1(pp. 127-146). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Dumas, M., La Rosa, M., Mendling, J. and Reijers, H.A., 2013.Fundamentals of business process management(Vol. 1, p. 2). Heidelberg: Springer. Jeston, J. and Nelis, J., 2014.Business process management. Routledge. Krajewski, L.J., Ritzman, L.P. and Malhotra, M.K., 2013.Operations management: Processes and supply chains(Vol. 1). New York: Pearson. Rosemann, M. and vom Brocke, J., 2015. The six core elements of business process management. InHandbook on business process management 1(pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Talk, O.M., 2016. Operations management. Trkman, P., 2013. Increasing process orientation with business process management: Critical practices.International Journal of Information Management,33(1), pp.48-60. Trkman, P., Mertens, W., Viaene, S. and Gemmel, P., 2015. From business process management to customer process management.Business process management journal,21(2), pp.250-266. Van Der Aalst, W.M., 2013. Business process management: a comprehensive survey.ISRN Software Engineering,2013.

Women and Family in Chinese History

Historical Biography Meihui Huian was a woman born in the Ming and Qing period. Her first name Meihui meant beautiful wisdom while her last name Huian meant obliging and quiet.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Women and Family in Chinese History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the context of her family background, she was born in a humble family of four children. She had two brothers and one sister. She was the elder of the siblings. This gave her several responsibilities among the family members. As a family, they used to live in the south part of the country. They were well up and were financially stable since her parents were educated and worked in institutions under the dynasty government. During her childhood years, she underwent foot binding. Foot binding was a tradition in China where the feet of young girls were tightly bound in order to prevent the feet from growing further. Meihui happened to undergo this painful process. During the dynasty days, foot binding was considered a very important tradition. The society supported it since bound feet were perceived to be intensely erotic. A woman who had bound feet was probable to make a prestigious marriage. Meihui was a beneficiary of the trait gained from bound feet. It was believed that women with bound feet had a swaying walk. This was due to the tiny steps they took while walking. Many men found this effect very erotic. When Meihui underwent the process of foot binding, she did not like. However, after growing up and learning more about the process, she felt right concerning it. In the context of marriage, she was married by a local resident. Her marriage occurred while in her late teenage. As she grew into a beautiful woman, the interest from men grew. The men came to home to inquire about her availability for marriage. However, her father valued her and felt that she will be married when she decided it was right. When time was right for her, she met a man that she felt love and affection for him. It was agreed that she has made the decision, and a marriage was set. She was married in a traditional Chinese marriage. The ceremonial ritual took place involving a marriage that was established on the basis of pre-arrangement between the two families. There were several factors that were considered before the marriage. This included religion, culture, reputation and wealth (Ebrey 35).Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the process of getting married, there were several traditional marriage rituals that were conducted. The key rituals were bride price, wedding gifts and the wedding ceremony. The marriage of Meihui was a ceremonial and colorful event. On the day of marriage, there was traditional band from Meihui’s home to her husband’s home. This included Meihui’s sedan and her maids of honor seda n. This was part of the wedding procession. They stopped at the door of her husband and ceremonies were conducted to welcome her into her new home. The ceremonies were a way of welcoming Meihui and her family to the bride’s home. The ceremonies include being offered wine and tea. All the wedding expenses were catered for by the groom’s family. Then finally came time to exchange vows (Ebrey 70). In her natal family, she played the role of training her siblings on the societal and cultural values. She was noticed to have good morals in her early teenage age hence her parents wanted her to pass these values into her siblings. She educated her siblings on the importance of being responsible and having good morals. While growing and becoming mature, she believed that there were womanly qualifications for a woman to be an ideal woman and thus she had to have these essential credentials in her life. The womanly qualifications mainly reflected on the woman’s behavior, m anners and character. She reflected on implicit obedience (Ko 143). In her marital family, she played the role of a wife. She took the proper roles of a woman. She had a strong affection and selfless dedication to her husband. She had respect to her husband. She worked hard and was submissive towards her marital family. Towards her marital family, she played the role of a moral woman by displaying proper conduct, proper virtue, proper speech and proper countenance. These virtues were viewed as morally upstanding qualities. They added individual greatness on the women who gained them. Through the knowledge she had, she maintained the precepts for women. These guidelines for women were mainly principles relating to the virtue, speech, manner and merit of a woman. All these were associated with the behavior characteristic of women. Concerning her virtue, she was reserved and did not express her intelligence and outwardly beauty. Also, she did not outdo others with her skills. Towards h er marital family, she showed respect to both the mother and father-in-law. She was obedient to the mother and father-in-law. She observed the role of the father-in-law and mother with full respect by obeying them (Ebrey 21).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Women and Family in Chinese History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During her marriage, she faced family tension. Though she observed key virtues that a woman must perceive, family tension was still evident. The family tension was mainly caused by her husband who at times did not show respect to her marriage. She also faced issues with her in-laws at times. Her family difficulties while in marriage were a challenge to her and her marriage (Ebrey 41). In the target of coping with the family tension, difficulties and crises, she showed humility, whole hearted devotion and implicit obedience in her marriage. She practiced the value of having or showing respect towards other people. This described the positions between her and her husband. She considered being more humble while in her marriage and thus she reflected on her life and that of her husband. She viewed the main role of a woman being a wife was to attend her husband. She believed that the woman was supposed to serve her husband in everything that he required and do all the activities that her husband wished to be accomplished. She alleged that respect and caution were key elements in marriage. As a wife, she showed full respect towards her husband. She offered respect and created a feeling regard towards her husband. As a wife, she had full dedication towards her husband. She expressed her whole hearted devotion through love and loyalty to her husband. When she faced family difficulties with her in-laws, she viewed the father-in-law and mother as particularly eminent people to her and the family context hence she showed acknowledgement and submission to them (Ko 144). She enjoye d her marriage a lot and was happy to be married despite her family tension and difficulties. She enjoyed being a wife and also the duties that were delegated to her. She adored showing her womanly qualities that gained her respect among many. Explanatory Note The biography I created is a reflection of Meihui Huian who was a Chinese woman character that I created. On reflecting on her as a woman and a wife, I believe that she had a solid idea and opinions in her life that could act as role models to other women. She also created the precepts for women with the target of guiding herself to live properly. I chose to discuss her because she had a significant influence on the lives of other women and their lifestyle.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The significance about her story is that it is a unique inspirational story. The story about Meihui Huian reflects on having value as a woman and maintaining that quality. As a woman in the dynasty periods, she showed several sensibilities. These sensibilities were both aesthetic and spiritual. She was seen to be intellectual in activities that she was involved. This was evident through her good morals and respect to all. She also had good ideas, thoughts and opinions in matters that concerned women and family (Ko 144). Meihui Huian reflected on using conservative reaction in order to create peace in her life and marriage. Her lifestyle was intended at improving the perception of a woman. She wanted to show other people that living with certain qualities were fruitful and beneficial. In her life, she showed that a woman was to be a being with womanly qualities in order to create a good impression concerning her. She was also involved in the well upbringing of her siblings since she was the one who gave them lessons on virtues and good morals. Works Cited Ebrey, Patricia B. The Inner Quarters: Marriage and the Lives of Chinese Women in the Sung Period. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. Print. Ko, Dorothy. Teachers of the Inner Chambers: Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century China. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1994. Print. Mann, Susan, and Yu-Yin Cheng. Under Confucian Eyes. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. Print. This essay on Women and Family in Chinese History was written and submitted by user BartRozum to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How Women in the Workplace are Finding Success in Nontraditional Jobs

How Women in the Workplace are Finding Success in Nontraditional Jobs Traditionally, women have found it difficult to receive equal treatment and pay compared to their male counterparts. It’s no secret that men have an advantage in the workplace for more reasons than one. It’s also no secret that women in the workplace are at a disadvantage. The good news is that  women in the workplace are finding more and more success in nontraditional occupations. These occupations are providing women with more opportunities and higher salaries compared to traditional occupations.Source:[Tulsa Welding School]

Year 3 - Abnormal Psychology Essay (Dementia vs Cognitive impairments)

Year 3 - Abnormal Psychology (Dementia vs Cognitive impairments) - Essay Example nvolves the problem as those concerned seldom seek proper guidance as it has become a common practice to resolve into the belief that such changes are consequent to the aging process. There is a degree of negligent perception from the medical practitioner responsible for the patient and for the family of those who suffer that become complacent into thinking it is normal and to be expected. It is relative to our mortality that for the luckiest of us, we follow the cycle of life and we grow old and then wither. The lack of concern that society often disregards old people is nothing less than an irony of our life. We refuse to acknowledge older people as we dismiss them easily in favor of the everyday problems that we face and regard as matter of life and death. It is a bittersweet reality that whether we like it or not, we are one day to replace those older people as we age ourselves. In this we experience the same physical and mental problems that they endure in their life. It thus seems more than proper to be empathic in their complaints and gripes that may be possibly remedied with proper attention. The aging process entails many changes that occur and radically alters everyday living. Imperative changes in the body results to physiological mechanisms declining that are common as a person ages. These should be identified as it is helpful in the management of problems that arise with it. The least problematic of this is gestation as taste receptors are replaced on a regular basis disparate to neural cells. A somatosensory problem that compromises their ability to regulate their temperature is also diminished. This could affect their tolerance for pain which may hinder their capacity to recognize symptoms and result to problems progressing before detection. Another includes sensory deficiency in auditory and visual facility (How may sensory changes affect the everyday lives of older people?). It was found that 1 out 8 Americans over 65 have Alzheimer’s disease

Wayward Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wayward - Essay Example Due to the circumstances of the shooting such that Bobbie was shooting over his shoulder as he ran, the killing of the victim occurred as manslaughter. Under the proximate causation, Sam committed a felon murder as it is due to his dangerous act of firing at Bobbie that Bobbie returned fire killing the victim. Additionally, had Sam not shot at Bobbie, no killing could have resulted. Under intervening cause, the unanticipated turn of event that Bobbie would return fire led to the death of the victim thus validating the cause. Had Sam shot at Bobbie killing him, the bystander would not have been killed, hence, the intervening causation is a valid stance. Finally, under the agency theory, although dealing and buying make both Sam and Bobby criminals for handling cocaine and possessing firearms, they were not co-felons thus the agency theory does not hold grounds. If Sam and Bobbie were co-felons in the sense of having the same goals and objectives in the commission of the felony, the death of the victim would be covered under the agency

Incident Analysis and Development Plan Essay Example for Free

Incident Analysis and Development Plan Essay In my previous assignments I have attempted to shed some light on the 3 capabilities which I have identified; which were namely the Leadership skills, Knowledge skills and the Interpersonal Management skills. Each of these 3 skills is crucial for a good manager and each holds its own significance in the building of a solid character. For the purpose of this research paper, I will be concentrating on the Leadership and Interpersonal Management skills upon which I have already talked about before. Harnessing these two characteristics would help growth on the individual level and gives an insight into a person’s overall character as viewed from some external source. Incident Analysis Leadership is a value arousing skill (Heifetz, 1994). Recalling any such moment where I have taken the mantle of leadership I would most definitely have to quote of my academic experiences. Groups and teams are a fact of life during one’s academic years and in said groups and teams there are often conflicts arising which without the presence of a team leader, lead to failed deadlines, substandard work quality and overall unpleasantness among team members (Maister, 2002). I can clearly recall the last time I was part of a group and it was in said group that I got a chance to play the role of the team leader. The decision of me being team leader arose due to my past experience in the topic and when the time came to choose the leader from amongst the team-mates I had the expertise in the subject. Even though I was not experienced much in any leadership position, I was able to do a sufficient job as the group leader and it made me appreciate the tough job that it is to lead people towards a single goal so as to make the achievement a shared vision (Purpose of Leadership, 1997). However, one thing I learned was that Leadership is never static as the role of a leader keeps changing in modern times and anybody who has a proficiency in some skill would take on the leader role when work related to his area of specialization arose. Without any leadership there would hardly be any sense of where the team was headed and it would be meaningless progressing further (Kelly, 2007). Interpersonal skills are also very important in recent times as people of every walk of life have to interact with others to get their jobs done. Previously it was the belief that some jobs required very little interaction with other individuals, such as finance related jobs and other desk jobs where the employees would have minimal socializing (Hayes, 2002). But now the field has changed with people interacting with others for the exchange of knowledge, and for socializing purposes. An incident regarding where I had to demonstrate my interpersonal skills arose when while arranging for a charity event for which friends needed help, I had to visit different markets and deal with numerous people over getting sponsors and getting arrangements done. Through the course of this excursion I had to interact with numerous people and demonstrate communication skills which involved interacting with people at all levels, such as common laborers and store owners. This feature of interacting with people at all levels is beneficial in the sense that it helps later to impress employers (Seneca, 2001). Through the course of interacting with people I was able to get some good contacts that would come in fruitful for future use while also overcoming my dread of speaking to strangers and becoming more comfortable talking to people (Hargie Dickson, 2003). Self Assessment Measuring one’s leadership skills, one must first recognize the types of leaders that exist. There is some argument as to whether there are 6 types or 7 types of leaders but personally I prefer to side with the 7 types argument. Based on 5 criteria leaders are placed into the types of the transformational leader, the enforcer, the deal maker, the administrator, the visionary, the serial entrepreneur and the spin doctor (Taffinder). The five factors upon which leaders are determined are: impose context, have conviction, generate critical mass, challenge and change and they make and take risks. With respect to the definitions provided, I would rank myself as an Enforcer. This is due to the fact that I am risk averse when groups are concerned and tend to stick to tested and tried guidelines. I am highly confident when taking actions and try to motivate team members in a manner that they have the feeling to achieve something (Brill Barth, 2008). Â  I avoid taking unnecessary risks since the responsibility of leading a team in my opinion does not permit one the opportunity to take risks. If the risk pays off that’s well and good, but if the risk does not, then the leader is responsible for the outcome of events. This responsibility I believe takes away the liberty that a leader should have and should make him more serious towards leading his followers to attaining the goal (Ball, 2003). Judging anyone’s interpersonal skills is not so easy as it involves feedback from external sources. When others tell one how well they are performing, then one can be any statement regarding the success or failure of it. I would say that I am sufficiently endowed with my interpersonal skills. I would come to the conclusion taking into account the success rate when dealing with others. I have often had to conduct affairs with other external groups and so far I would say that I have done a very good job in carrying out interpersonal dealings. Researchers suggested that self analyzing when related to interpersonal skills should be avoided by researchers since the judgement would always be biased and the answer would be uninfluenced in very rare case (Rubin, Palmgreen, Sypher, Beatty, 2004). This goes back to the point mentioned that since people are unaware as to most of what they do, determining the efficiency of their success in Interpersonal Communication is very hard to do. A concept known as Self Monitoring usually leads to greater success in determining a person’s interpersonal skills. Self Monitoring is a trait exhibited by famous good public speakers, as they were very receptive of their audiences and could adapt their presentation as per the response from the audience. Many politicians such as Bill Clinton for example have been reported to have strong Self Monitoring skills. Viewing myself through outside eyes I have surmised that in the short time that I have become more pro active in interacting with others, I would say that I am quite successful in interacting with people and can easily carry forward a conversation and can entertain and communicate with others effortlessly (Corbin, Corbin, Lindsey, 2007). Â  If compared to the extent required in the managerial world and professional world, I would have to say that the skills I possess are somewhere between acceptable and need slightly more improvement. Since leadership is a situational issue, with leadership sometimes being given and other times not, only time can tell how well one has performed. Some situations require more insight and expertise whereas others are relatively simple as all you have to do is inspire your team and it successfully finishes the task on its own (Drucker, 1995)I have usually encountered the former as I haven’t yet witnessed any intense leadership role where I’d have to make decisions which would lead to greater consequences. Interpersonal skills are essential for any business activity and comparing it to the market levels I would say that some improvement, or refinement, is needed. Even though I am not hopeless with my interpersonal skills, it is still a far away from being absolutely perfect. I believe I possess enough skills to at least get the basic jobs done. Development Plans To improve upon my interpersonal skills, I have decided to listen to the suggestions stated. Smiling more often when talking to others, being more appreciative of others comments, paying more attention to others, practicing active listening (applying stuff that I have learnt through listening to others), bringing people together, trying to resolve conflicts, communicating early, and in a humorous manner, trying to see other people’s perspectives and avoiding complaining are some measures that I plan to adopt in order to improve my interpersonal skills (All Business). Following these tips I plan to become more popular in crowds and become more receptive to others when interacting with them. These tips would help me in making a more favorable impression in front of others and become a popular and pleasurable person to talk to. And that in turn would make communicating with others more easier for me and more often. Currently what I’m lacking due to inexperience with interacting with others would be resolved if I strictly follow these mentioned tips. To develop my leadership style I must first note where I fall behind other successful leaders, and in this case, I have identified that I am highly risk averse and in return wind up hindering group from reaching its full potential. Taking more risks, but with the consent and full information being provided to the group so that they can give their feedback as well, I will try to move towards becoming a Transformational Leader who not only gets the job done, but inspires the followers to think of the goals as their goals as well and have a combined motivation towards the job as well. Conclusion Leadership and interpersonal skills are very important for today’s managers as it is the manager’s job to get the tasks done while keeping a strong healthy relationship between all levels of the employees (Koellner, 2002). Currently I am more than capable of handling the simple situations which may arise on a day to day basis, but to actually handle situations which may affect a larger scale, I need to work harder to build my skills so as to become a Transformational leader (Argyris, 1976), who is the best type of flexible leader, and to have good links which can only be forged if the interpersonal relations I have with others are good. Without strong interpersonal skills, no one can actually get the full whole hearted support from others. A person should seek external opinions to actually gauge where he is standing since these are inherent qualities and people are not qualified enough to correctly identify their skills. References All Business. (n.d.). Ten Ways to Improve Your Interpersonal Skills. Retrieved April 28, 2009, from All Business: http://www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/careers-career-development/11134-1.html Argyris, C. (1976). Increasing leadership effectiveness. R.E Krieger. Ball, J. (2003). Managing People. Retrieved April 28, 2009, from http://www.accountancy.com.pk/articles.asp?id=54 Brill, F. S., Barth, R. (. (2008). Leading and Learning. Stenhouse Publishers. Corbin, C., Corbin, C. B., Lindsey, R. (2007). Fitness for Life. Human Kinetics. Drucker, P. F. (1995). The Practice of Management. Harper Collins. Hargie, O., Dickson, D. (2003). Skilled interpersonal communication. Routledge. Hayes, J. (2002). Interpersonal skills at work. Routledge.

Kindergarten - Full Day or Half-Day? :: Teaching Education

Kindergarten - Full Day or Half-Day? On August 30, 2000, the Maryland State Board of Education made a request for mandatory full-day kindergarten to be added into their budget for the fiscal year of 2002. The Board’s goal is to have full-day kindergarten programs implemented in all state public schools by the 2004-2005 school year (Maryland State Board of Education [MSDE], 2000). Making this change from half-day kindergarten to full-day kindergarten, they hope full-day kindergarten will help children benefit academically in the long run. Despite these goals, it is unclear as to whether full-day kindergarten is actually beneficial to all children. The first day of kindergarten can be an awful experience. I vividly remember how terrible the first day of kindergarten was for me. I cried until I had no tears left, and I clung to my mom’s side for safety. After several attempts, my mom and Miss. Mariner, my kindergarten teacher, were able to coax me to enter the classroom. They provided me with several reasons as to why I would like kindergarten, but it was that final argument that school was only three hours long, which convinced me to â€Å"brave† it out. I didn’t have any disorders. I wanted to learn, and I was by no means antisocial. I was afraid of leaving my mom, and I was uncomfortable of changing my normal schedule. Fortunately, I loved kindergarten and after that first day there were no more tears. However, I was still preoccupied with the fact that three hours of my life were being taken from me. After the third week of school, I told my mom I had to quit all my other activities because school took up too much of my time. I laugh now at how precocious I was, but in the eyes of any five-year-old, three hours is a huge chunk of their time. I cannot even imagine what my behavior would have been like if kindergarten was a full day. After three hours of school, I was exhausted and a little irritable. This transition from no structure to six hours of structured school time may be too much for a young child to handle. This is why kindergarten should focus on acclimating a child to the school day by allowing them to wade into the â€Å"waters,† instead of throwing them into the â€Å"deep end.

Problems Faceing Susu Collectors in the Bantama Sub-Metro

CHAPTER ONE Introduction Background to the study Personal saving may be voluntary; it can also be contractual through insurance policies by insurance companies and also contributory if through the traditional social security system or â€Å"susuâ€Å". â€Å"Susu† is a traditional form of saving where an individual saves a fixed amount per day with a â€Å"susu† collector for a specified period, say one month. At the end of the month, the Individual collects his or her total savings less one day’s installment, which the â€Å"susu† collector deducts as commission. The higher the umber of clients of a â€Å"susu† collector, the higher the level of that collectors commission at the end of each calendar month. â€Å"Susu† is the popular name given to the rotating savings club in Ghana. It is said to be of Yoruba origin, which is an adulteration of â€Å"esusu†. The term is believed to have been introduced into Ghana by migrant Ibo trade rs before independence in 1957, when formal banking had not caught up well with people especially the indigenous illiterates folks who were mainly traders. With the Alien’s Compliance Order in 1969 coming into force, these aliens left this legacy. Then came quite a number of Ghanaians entering into the business as a result. A few unscrupulous persons also crept in and some actually bolted away with their clients saving. (Aryeetey and Gockel, 1991) In response to the increased cases of fraudulent practices of some â€Å"susu† collectors in the late 1980’s, Ghana Co-operative â€Å"Susu† Collectors Association was formed in 1990 in an attempt to regulate and supervise the activities of the â€Å"susu† collectors. This association serves as the mouthpiece for all â€Å"susu† co-operatives in Ghana. It is the agent that collects taxes on behalf of the commissioner of internal evenue services and external credit facilities for its regional or district societies. (Aryeetey, 2000) and Ardner (1964) echo an informal confirmation that â€Å"susu† was an ancient institution prior to the introduction of the British currency. â€Å"Susu† was practiced by Nigerian traders in Makola number (t wo) market in Accra. Apart from the term â€Å"susu†, the rotating saving club is known by other names in different parts of Ghana. The Ewe’s generally refer to the clubs as â€Å"edzodzo† or â€Å"eso dzodzo†. Whist among the Kotokole’s in the northern part of the Volta region, it is known as â€Å"edeso† (I. P. C, 1988). In some quarters in Laura town the club is known as â€Å"lekseque†. Statement of the problem People have realized the importance of â€Å"susu† scheme yet â€Å"susu† collectors faces a lot of problems mobilizing contributors to participate in the scheme. A lot of contributors have lost interest or back out of the scheme because of the bad perception about â€Å"susu† collectors. Collectors find themselves wanting as sometimes the group in which they join collapse as a result of embezzlement by the group leaders. Some contributors also end up collecting their share of the money contributed and refuse to contribute again. Banks that are involved in the saving scheme also faces documentation problems with their clients. Unfortunately the large amount of research on informal savings has not investigated the problems facing the â€Å"susu† collectors. In pursuit of this research, however, an attempt has been made to find the antecedent facts that leave the â€Å"indigenous savings scheme† incapable of living up to expectation as far as mobilisation, administration and management of funds are concerned. Purpose of the study General Objective: The general purpose of this study was to discover the problems facing â€Å"susu† collectors. The specific objectives of the study are; Specific Objectives: 1. To examine some silent points in the administration and management of â€Å"susu† schemes. 2. To identify how â€Å"susu† saving scheme is organized and operated by individuals and other financial institutions. 3. To find out why people engage in â€Å"susu† schemes. Research questions The researcher posed the following questions to the respondent. 1. What problems exist in the administration of â€Å"susu† scheme? 2. What measures do collectors adopt to ensure the safety of the contributions? 3. Who are those involved in the â€Å"susu† collection? . What problems do collectors face with their clients? 5. How does the scheme operate? 6. Why do people engage in â€Å"susu†? Significance of the study. This study may be useful to â€Å"susu† collectors, financial institutions that take part in the scheme, Ghana Co-operative â€Å"Susu† Collectors Association (G. C. S. C. A), â€Å"susu† contributors and the general public. The management of â€Å"susu† schemes will be able to solve the problems facing their collectors as well as management and administration problems. This may be possible after knowing the problems that exist in the operation of the scheme. The study provides feedback to the Ghana Co-operative â€Å"Susu† Collectors Association (G. C. S. C. A) as to what actually goes on with the operation of the scheme. The study will contribute to the general understanding of â€Å"susu† operations to the advantage of the â€Å"susu† contributor and the general public. Limitaions to the study The study was not obviously without shortcomings. The researcher was faced with some problems. Books written on the susu scheme were a little source of information. The method of sampling used by the researcher was not the appropriate technique but was the cheapest. Other problems were the refusal of some people to grant interview on the topic and the questionnaires. However, with all the problems, it is the hope and wish of the researcher that all information gathered are valid and beneficial to the interested parties especially people of Bantama sub metro. Delimitation of the study In other to get reliable records and information, the research was centered on â€Å"susu† collectors. The researcher contacted garden city savings and loans Bantama branch and â€Å"Gye nyame susu† center at Suntreso south and their members, collectors in their offices and homes. The conclusions and generation therefore were not applicable to all â€Å"susu† schemes. Organization The study consists of five chapters. Chapter one of this study deals with the introduction. It covers the background to the study and sets out the statement of the problem, purpose of the study, the research questions, the significance of the study, the limitations of the study, delimitation of the study, the organization, and definition of terms. Chapter two covers the review of significant or related literature to the study review. Chapter three also talk about the methodology and the procedure for the research. It looks at the various instruments used in collecting the data of the study. Chapter four deals with the presentation of data analysis of information gathered from the survey and interpretation of results. Chapter five also deals with the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendations. Definition of Term SUSU: An alteration of ‘,esusu,’ a yuroba word given to the rotating savings club in Ghana. CHAPTER TWO Literature review Introduction Informal financial savings have been an important part of local financial resource mobilisation in Ghana and other countries since the introduction of money as medium of xchange. Through these savings most trader and dwellers are able to raise capital for their business and other commercial activities. This involves element of credit union and the insurance scheme. In Ghana, the traditional societies are called by the name â€Å"susu† societies and â€Å"susu† clubs. A lot of authors, researchers and scholars have addr essed the issue of â€Å"susu†. Problems Howard et, al (2000) contended that â€Å"susu† collectors are unused in having an apex organization to represent them. In the North, eight hundred and fifty (850) are registered ith this; though it is estimated that a further one hundred and fifty (150) unregistered members operate in the North. They run the business from kiosk located in the market place and act as mobile bankers deposits, often of low but regular value, are usually taken on daily basis over the course of the month. Ghana-vision 2020 Program Of Action for the first medium-term development plan (June 1998-2000) stated that though voluntary informal savings groups (â€Å"susu†) provide most of the working capital of small and medium scale enterprises, these â€Å"susu† groups nd other non-banking financial institutions are at present not geared towards long-term investment financing. This has been a major problem with â€Å"susu’ groups in Ghana. However there is strong possibility for â€Å"susu† to form the basis for the establishment of mutual funds and co-operative savings scheme. According to the report of Financial Accountability and management (August 2004), it is inevitable that the development of credit unions does not conform to a single universal blueprint. In the context of worldwide movement, three major differences in the development of particular credit union industries. Credit union movements in specific locations will potentially move from birth, through adolescence to full development as a consequence of the growth in assets and a direct bearing on accountability. Again to the extent that homogeneity does not pertain, significant variability in accountability between credit unions may exist. Safety of contributions According to Aryeetey (2000) most ‘informal savings mobilizers’ (including â€Å"susu† collectors) use bank facilities for deposits. This implies that a substantial part of rural financial savings end up in banks. At Bonwire and Efiduase in rural Asante, â€Å"susu† ollectors were able to collect ? 8. 8 million and ? 8. 6 million per month, respectively, which they saved in commercial banks in Kumasi, the regional capital (ROSCA survey, 1999). But while informally mobilized savings are to enhance the lending operations of formal banks both this study and the study by Aryeetey (2000) indicates that such lending is skewed towards urban areas. These â€Å"susu† collectors use the banking facilities extensively to safeguard their funds. People involved in the scheme Ndeh (1998) in presenting a paper on the informal savings added that women specially those in the rural population faces considerable obstacles in their access to institutional source of funding. For instance some bank managers would like to â€Å"sleep† with them before they are given loans. Because they do not want to fall victims of circumstances they decide to form groups to save funds in order to aid them in their finances. To add to his comment Ndeh talked about the situation in the Philippines where traders especially women who are married cannot contract loan from the bank without the consent of their husbands. They therefore involve themselves in informal financing here they can get easy access to credit. Ndeh also said that less than 28% of Cameroon women traders get access to formal credit. He also commen ted that this kind of situation in Cameroon might also affect traders in other developing countries. According to Ardener and Burnan (1995) the rotating â€Å"susu† club continue to play a dynamic role in helping to meet the cash needs of women traders and farmers. It is found on principles of mutual trust, obligatory relations and homogeneity. Most â€Å"susu† collectors were Women. This shows that women are mostly involved in the â€Å"susu† scheme. According to Caselli. F (1998), the â€Å"susu† collectors provide savings facilities to individuals involved in a wide variety of informal income generating activities, traders, cart pushers, apprentices, mechanism drivers, and sometimes farmers and fishermen. Operation of the scheme According to Adjetey (1998), a variant of the â€Å"susu† scheme in popularly known as â€Å"olu† savings scheme, sometimes described in the literature as mobile banking. In the scheme, the â€Å"olus† or â€Å"susu† collectors go to markets and hawkers to collect daily savings. The saver chooses the amount he or she can deposit each day, and the collector ecords this amount on a card, indicating some personal information about the depositor. No formal agreement exists between the saver and the collector. The scheme is based entirely on personal trust and relationship. Some collectors do make credit facilities available to some of their traders. Such facilities sometimes attract interest pa yments that one made on daily basis. â€Å"Susu† collectors are entitled to the first daily contribution as commission. The money collected from various contributors are sent to the agent of the scheme which is later deposited at the bank for save keeping. Emerging system Bortei-doku and Ayeetey (1998) discuss the operation of rotating savings clubs in Ghana, shedding light on such issues as the significance of clubs within the national economy, their structural and functional characteristics, their gender composition, the attitudes and perceptions of club members about the system, and more recent changes and variations included by changes in the national macroeconomic setting. They note that while the mainstream principle of grouping together people whose common goal is to accumulate a lump sum over a specific period of time is still a respected method for obilizing savings and allocation credit, and thus a robust socioeconomic development instrument, the operationalisation of that principle had changed over time. They noted that ‘new’ institutions had emerged, but using the same principle, that is â€Å"susu† collectors and emerging savings and loan companies. Botei-doku and Aryeetey argue that despite changes in how the principl e group economic activity operationalised, the interests of men and women as differentiable savers in this informal sector activity appear to have been effected even if only moderately: thus, while women appear to be more active in accumulating the required ump-sums within the framework of the newer â€Å"susu† collector system, more men particularly at workplaces, continue to stock to rotating saving schemes. They maintain that the â€Å"susu† system remains a resilient institution, in view of the preparedness of participants to introduce operational innovations in response to changing socioeconomic conditions. Also in a report on new institutions, Aryeetey, (2000) observes â€Å"susu† companies that have emerged in Ghana only since 1985 operational principles are similar to those of individual â€Å"susu† collectors. The difference between the two is that the saver is ‘guaranteed’ credit. Rather han deposits being returned to the saver mont hly, as is the case with the â€Å"susu† collector, the company holds them for at least six months, after which depositor may withdraw the saving in addition to an equivalent amount of loan. As part of the innovation occurring among informal units, newer savings and loan companies have also emerged. These entities sometimes use commissioned agents (â€Å"susu† collectors) to mobilize deposits primarily from market women and make short-term loans available to them from time to time. Interest and collateral base Broham, John (2000) found that on the credit side, the advances made by the â€Å"susu† ollectors to their regular depositors are usually of low value, very short term ( less than one year) provided in an interest free basis without collateral and disbursed immediately if the money is at hand. The money lenders advance loans on interest higher than the banks but without collateral, and disbursed very quickly if the client is known. The world Bank (1995) in dicates that positive real interest rates are not crucial in mobilizing additional deposits and creating avenues for granting credit as evidence by the fact that the â€Å"susu’ system functions with negative nominal rates. It indicates that rural communities place a higher premium on convenience, accessibility and trust. Why people engage in â€Å"susu† Aryeetey and Gockel (1991) also stated that, the estimates of the size of informal savings suggest that about fifty percent (50%) of total financial savings in Ghana is attributable to the â€Å"susu† system. Most â€Å"susu† clubs are guided by unwritten codes of conduct. Writers like Aryeetey and Aryeetey (1996) wrote on the operations, utilizations, and changes in rotating â€Å"susu† savings in Ghana. They found out that in an economic climate where several social groups in the orkforce find that their access to informal institutions is limited due to their socio- economic handicap, informal institutions such as â€Å"susu† are bond to flourish. Aryeetey et al (1990) said besides the difficulty of operating a bank account, the distribution of bans and the low levels of literacy in Ghana especially among traders, ma kes the informal saving practical for certain categories of people. While in the large urban areas of Ghana, banking facilities may be away from them. Although â€Å"susu† collectors sometimes embezzle their money they still prefer it because the collectors ome to collect the daily contribution at their workplace. Ndeh (1998) presented a paper on the informal savings. He commented that, in developing countries, the financial institutions have utterly neglected the mobilisation of savings and deposit facilities in order to make them accessible to majority of the rural population therefore this people have resorted to informal savings to save their hard earned money. Aryeetey and aryeetey (1995) indicated that, though â€Å"susu† is popularly used to purchased small consumer goods, there a is strong evidence that, it is an important source of business capital. Opoku l. (1997) argues that ,†susu† is perhaps the best-known and oldest form of self- financing bus iness scheme in Ghana. The Sunday Hauld (1997) also argues that â€Å"susu† is perhaps the largest best known and oldest form of self financial business scheme in Ghana. Despite the growth of the banking sector, in the past few years â€Å"susu† and other non banking financial scheme have remained the back bone and lifeline for a substances proportion of workers in Ghana’s economic development especially those operating in the informal sector, which is in fact the dominant force in the country’s economy. This has shown the contribution of the cheme to national development. The World Bank (1995) also identifies several informal financial arrangements in Ghana. They include Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCA) and moneylenders. It attempts to find explanations for the existence of the informal sector and suggest that in rural areas are the banking system offer low quality services: the processing of deposit and withdrawal takes several hours, an d in some instances customers find no cash and must revisit the bank in order to make a withdrawal. This has shown that some people are interested in the scheme because of the convenience attached o the â€Å"susu† scheme. CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY Introduction To ensure the collection of reliable and accurate information or data for the research work, certain procedures and methods were adopted. This chapter deals with the methods used by the researcher in collecting data for the purpose of the research. It involves the research design, population and sampling, data collection techniques, data collection procedures and data analysis. Research Design The type of research design adopted for this study was a survey. A survey conducted on â€Å"susu† collectors to ascertain the problems they face. The survey helps find answers to research questions in order to get information needed for the research. Critically examining the research questions, it was realized that a survey was the most suitable research design for the study of information. The survey was aided by questionnaire and interview. This method gives a quantitative means of establishing relationship among variables. Population The population for the study was from â€Å"susu† collectors and â€Å"susu† co-operative members in Bantama sub-metro. This population was made up of rotating â€Å"susu† collectors, â€Å"susu† agents nd other â€Å"susu† co-operative members. Sampling The members of this study were selected through convenience and purposive sampling by relying on â€Å"susu† collectors and â€Å"susu† co-operative union members. The sample size included twenty (20) â€Å"susu† collectors and five (5) â€Å"susu co-operative members. For reasons includi ng lower cost, greater accuracy of results, greater speed of data collection and availability of population subjects, the researcher used convenience and purposive method of sampling. Though convenience sampling is the least reliable design, the researcher chose convenience ampling because it was the cheapest and easiest to conduct. The researcher had the freedom to choose whoever was found. This method of sampling was used to test ideas and even to gain ideas about the subject of interest. In this study, the researcher wanted to talk to only those directly engaged in the collection of contributions of the â€Å"susu† scheme hence purposive sampling was used. The researcher found it very useful and appropriate in the early stages of the research. In all, a total number of twenty-five (25) subjects were pulled from two (2) operating â€Å"susu† schemes in the sub-metro. This was made up of twenty (20) â€Å"susu† collectors and five (5) other â€Å"susu† co-operative union members. Data collection instruments The researcher used interview and questionnaire as instruments to gather information needed for the study. The interview approach was aimed at finding out the views of individual â€Å"susu† collectors from various â€Å"susu† groups, â€Å"susu† administrators and other members of the scheme. The issues upon which the interview schedule was based on was the administrative problems faced by â€Å"susu† collectors. In all, nine (9) items were in the interview. This interview was however unstructured. The â€Å"susu† collectors and other members of the â€Å"susu† scheme who could read answered the questionnaire. In designing the questionnaire schedule, the researcher considered the degree and form of structure imposed on the respondents. He used various response strategies; offer options that included unstructured open-ended response (the free choice of words) and structured or close response (specified alternatives provided). Free response nature of some of the questions offered the respondents the opportunity to express themselves extensively. The respondents were all literates so there were no difficulties in administering the questions. Different questions were designed for the different target groups (based on the objectives of the study in chapter one) to obtain the primary and secondary information as well as data from the field. The questionnaires designed for the respondent comprised open-ended questions and objective questions. In all Twenty- six (26) items were in the questionnaire. Data collection procedures Copies of the questionnaire were self-administered upon gaining access to participants. The questionnaire incorporated open-ended questions and was couched in simple language. With this process, a lot of data can be gotten with relative ease from different people within a shorter period. The collection of data covered a period of two weeks. The â€Å"susu† collectors were interviewed on-the-job with an interview lasting for an average of ten (10) minutes. Questionnaires were sent to â€Å"susu† collectors at their offices and on-the-job. R respondent were given two (2) weeks for the questionnaires. The questionnaires were collected personally and the rate of return of the questionnaires was 100%. Validity and Reliability of data collected. For the purpose of validity, the researcher made sure that all the information obtained from the respondents were the true answers to the interview and questionnaires designed for them. Again any form of misconstrues in the minds of the respondents concerning the understanding of the question and how to complete them were explained to clear their minds. Finally, for the benefit of validity and reliability of data, the researcher deemed it right to use convenience and purposive method of sampling to avoid high cost and errors. Data analysis The technique for analyzing data was by quantitative and qualitative techniques. The major findings were analysed in percentage points and resented in tables and charts. CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS OF THE STUDY Introduction This chapter gives the findings and analyzes the data collected for the study. This analysis involves the use of quantitative and qualitative techniques. The major findings were then presented in percentages and resented in tables and charts. Data gathered from the findings could be evaluated to come out with the shortcomings of the operations of â€Å"susu† collectors and spell ut the strategies necessary for improvement. Response from questionnaire to each area of interest. |†Susu† Group |People of interest |Questionnaire |Response | | | | |Number |Percentage | |Garden City savings and loans |†susu† collectors |10 |9 |95% | | |Members of co-operative union |3 |2 |66. % | |†Gye Nyame â€Å"susu† center |†susu† c ollectors |10 |10 |100% | | |Members of co-operative union |2 |2 |100% | Out of the sample size of twenty (20), nineteen (19) responded, representing about 95% of the â€Å"Susu† collectors from the two â€Å"susu† groups on the sub-metro. Out of the sample size of five 5), from other members of co-operative union, four (4) responded representing about 80%. In terms of â€Å"susu† groups assigned to respond, response ranges from 95% to 100% representing 95% of â€Å"susu† collectors assigned from Garden city savings and loans and 100% to â€Å"susu† collectors assigned from ‘Gye Nyame â€Å"susu† center’. With the response of members of â€Å"susu† co-operative union the percentage range was 66. 79% to Garden city saving and loans and 100% to ‘Gye Nyame â€Å"susu† center’. The following are the findings: What problems exist in the Administration of â€Å"susu† scheme? The problem identified by Howard et, al (2000) was that â€Å"susu† collectors were unused in having an apex organization to represent them. Ghana-vision 2020 programme of action for the first medium-term development plan (June 1998-2000) stated that the working capital provided by â€Å"susu† groups in Ghana were not geared towards long-term investment financing. According to the report of Financial Accountability and Management (August 2004), the development of susu† credit unions does not conform to a single universal blueprint and homogeneity does not pertain. The researcher wanted to find out whether or not â€Å"susu† collectors had administrators. 100% of the response to this question was â€Å"yes†. It was further observed that most â€Å"susu† groups had the â€Å"susu† group administrator as the highest of authority on the organizational structure. Below s hows the organizational structure of most â€Å"susu† groups in Bantama sub-metro; | | |SCHEME ADMINISTRATOR | | | | | |   |   |   |   | | | | |   | | | |   | | |SCHEME MANAGER | | |SCHEME ACCOUNTANT | | | | |   |   | | | | | | |   | | | | | | | |†SUSU† AGENTS | | | | | | |   | | | | | | | |†SUSU† COLLECTORS | | | The above figure is the organizational chat which determine how people, task, technological and material resources were been grouped. This speed up working activities and enhance effective, efficient, harmonization and good co-ordination. About 53% of response to the questions 8 and 9 with which the researcher wanted to find out if â€Å"susu† collectors faced administrative problems was â€Å"yes†. Which represented ten (10) out of the nineteen (19) responses to the questions. Response to the administrative problems. |Response |Number interviewed |Percentage (%) | |Yes |10 |53 | |No |9 |47 | Some of the administrative problems stated included: Bureaucratic problems. Low salary to â€Å"susu† collectors frequent absenteeism of top management. The strict and rigidity of rules and regulation Rules and regulations. A questionnaire was designed to find out the rules and regulations used for the administration of the scheme. The response was that, the rules and regulations which serve as a form of controlling checks and balances of the scheme helps to keep the accounting books and records accordingly. The rules and regulations for keeping financial records at the various schemes were the strict use of (ATF) accounting system treasury and financial reporting guidelines. It also nvolves the reporting hierarchy of the scheme from the â€Å"lower susu collectors† up the organizational chart to the highest of the structure. About 62% of the â€Å"susu† collectors complained of the rules and regulations being so strict and made no room for changes. Salary The re searcher observed that the salary structure of â€Å"susu† collectors in Bantama sub-metro ranges from ? 400,000 to ? 700,000. â€Å"Susu† collectors in the sub-metro complained of their salary although most of them knew they had no ‘better’ qualification to earn much salary. They compare the cumulative amount deducted from their clients as commission for them with the amount given to them at the end of the month. About 70% of the â€Å"susu† collectors interview evealed this to the researcher during the interview. Budget Budget was drawn to help financial plan for a period of time. Monies allocated were used for specified purposes. The budget had been prepared annually for the scheme by the general accountant who is the head of the budget implementation team. The team according to Garden city savings and loans is made up of the scheme administrator, the general accountant, the scheme manager, and five (5) senior members of â€Å"susu† collec tors. The component of the revenue side of the budget is made up of income from â€Å"susu† contributions, interest on â€Å"susu† contributions invested into other businesses, and loans. The expenditure side of the budget onsist of spending on personnel emolument, administrative, services, and investment. The problem â€Å"susu’ collectors in Bantama sub-metro have with this budget is that, they are not usually considered in the plan. What measures do â€Å"susu† collectors adopt to ensure the safety of contributions? According to Aryeetey (2000) most informal savings schemes (including â€Å"susu† collectors) use banking facilities for deposits. The â€Å"susu† collectors use the banking facilities extensively to safeguard their funds. The researcher also found out that, to safeguard their funds, proper financial books were kept. Monies were also deposited at the banks for safekeeping. Financial books kept and their uses. Books |Uses | | | | |Cash book |For recording income and expenditure | | | | |Expenditure budget ledger |Recording expenditure against budget | | | | |Debtors ledger |Recording credit and payments made by â€Å"susu† | | | | | |contributors. | | | |Debtors control |Total of credits and payments made by all | | | | | |â€Å"susu† contributors and other creditors | To ensure the safety of contribution deposited by contributors, these books are kept in addition to depositing the amount at the bank. Almost all â€Å"susu† groups in the Bantama sub-metro keep these books; 100% of the 19 responses received revealed this to the researcher. Monitoring team The researcher found that, the schemes or â€Å"susu† groups had a strong monitoring team that is made up of personnel ranging from twelve (12) to sixteen (16). The monitoring team meets monthly. The team checks and controls financial activities. This results in effectiveness and efficiency of work in the operation of the scheme. Personal interviews were held to find out if there had been any research work on problems facing â€Å"susu† collectors in their operations and if external auditors audited their books. The responses were that, there were auditors and those were the independent auditors outside the scheme who inspects accounting books to find out if they were kept on justification and to give feedback to shareholders. They audit the books yearly to ensure the safety of the contributions. Who are those involved in the â€Å"susu† scheme? Ndeh (1998) indicated that people mostly involved in the â€Å"susu† scheme were women. Ardener and Burnan (1995) found that, women traders and farmers were mostly involved in the â€Å"susu† scheme. Most â€Å"susu† collectors in Ghana were women. Caselli . F (1998) also found that traders , cart pushers, apprentices, mechanism drivers and sometimes farmers and fishermen were mostly involved in the â€Å"susu† scheme. The researcher also found out that, about 90% of â€Å"susu† contributors were women. This was made known to the researcher when about 95% of â€Å"susu† collectors confirmed that their clients were women traders. â€Å"susu† collectors at the various â€Å"susu† group. â€Å"Susu† Group |Female |Male | | | | | |Garden City |28 |6 | | | | | |savings and loans | | | | | | | |â€Å"Gye nyame† |10 |4 | | | | | |â€Å"susu† center | | | From the table above, it could be observed that out of the to tal number of â€Å"susu† collectors from the two â€Å"susu† groups of forty-eight (48), thirty-eight (38) of these â€Å"susu† collectors are female representing 79% and ten (10) out of forty-eight (48) are male representing only 21%. This reveals that the majority of â€Å"susu† collectors in the Bantama sub-metro are females. Educational qualification of respondents. Level of Education |Number Interviewed |Percentage (%) | | | | | |Tertiary education |2 |8 | | | | | |Post secondary |8 |32 | | | | | |Technical school |5 |20 | | | | | |Vocational school |10 |40 | The observation made from the table and the pie chart indicated that as much as 40% of the â€Å"susu† collectors interviewed had vocational education, 20% had technical education, 32% had ost secondary education, and 8% had tertiary education. What problems do collectors face with their clients? Aryeetey et, al (1990) said besides the difficulty of operating a bank account, the dist ribution of banks and low levels of literacy in Ghana especially among traders, makes the informal saving practical for certain categories of people. â€Å"Susu† collectors face problems with the high illiteracy rate among the traders among the problem. This was made known to the researcher during the study. Out of the nineteen (19) responses received from â€Å"susu† collectors from the two (2) â€Å"susu† groups, eighteen (18) representing 94. 7% responded â€Å"Yes† to having problems with their clients. Some problems included documentation problems: That is the problems mostly faced with the illiterate clients. Majority of the trader-contributors do not understand the operations of the scheme and accuse â€Å"susu† collectors of being ‘fraud agents’ in times of any delays in payment of their contributed amount. How does the scheme operate? Referring to the literature review, Aryeetey (1998) found that, the â€Å"olus† or â€Å"susu† collectors go to markets and hawkers to collect daily savings. The â€Å"susu† contributor chooses the amount he or she can deposit each day, and the collector records this amount on a card, indicating some personal information about the depositor. No formal agreement exists between the saver and the collector. The scheme is based entirely on personal trust and relationship. Some collectors do make credit facilities available to some of their traders. Such facilities sometimes attract interest on the credits. â€Å"Susu† collectors were entitled to the first daily contribution as commission. The money collected from various contributors are sent to the agent of the scheme which is later deposited at the bank for save keeping. The researcher also found that, the monies collected by the rotating â€Å"susu† collectors daily are submitted to â€Å"susu† agents who are also called senior â€Å"susu† collectors to render accounts on the mount collected. â€Å"susu† agents renders accounts to the general accountant. The monies are then deposited at the bank or reinvested into businesses to earn interest. To ensure the safety of contributions , monies are invested into high interest earning business. Monies deposited to the banks are redrawn with the bureaucratic system were executives endorse the cheque. It includes the endorsement of the general accountant, scheme manager and scheme administrator. In cases where a contributor wanted to collect a contribution, the â€Å"susu† collector is informed a day before the collection. If the â€Å"susu† collector is not informed a day before the collection of the ontribution and he or she feels the amount collected from â€Å"susu† contributors are enough, the â€Å"susu† collectors pays the amount demanded. The â€Å"susu† collector collects the contribution card or book within which the â€Å"susu† collector ticks and sends it to the office of â€Å"susu† group for clearance. The researcher also observed that, depositors with â€Å"susu† collectors usually increases the amount of their deposits in November, often doubling them. They do so obviously to ensure that they are able t o save adequately towards anticipated expenditure for Christmas. Interest and collateral base Broham, John (2000) found that on the credit side, the advances made by the â€Å"susu† ollectors to their regular depositors are usually of low value, very short term ( less than one year) provided in an interest free basis without collateral and disbursed immediately if the money is at hand. The money lenders advance loans on interest higher than the banks but without collateral, and disbursed very quickly if the client is known. The researcher wanted to know how lending capital was raised and allocated. For â€Å"susu† collectors, mobilized deposits were their only lending bases. The capital base of most â€Å"susu† operations in Bantama sub-metro appeared to have grown considerably in nominal terms since their activities began. Various institutions were able to determine whether he base had grown in real terms, by how much their clientele had grown. They suggested t hat they had seen real growth over the years. †susu† collectors in Bantama sub-metro granted an average loan of ?450,000 in 2004, with a repayment schedule of one month. The longest maturity period offered by â€Å"susu† collectors was three month. Here, also the loan amounts were often about the same size as were requested by clients. Thus it would seem that â€Å"susu† collectors do not normally scale down the amount requested by clients; in fact, they indicate that their clients know what is reasonable to expect. In 2004, the largest loan amount granted by a†susu† collector was 2,500,000 and the smallest ? 200,000 indicating the flexibility of the system. â€Å"susu† collectors cannot grant longer-term loans given the short-term nature of their deposit liabilities. Here, also, the difference in the average size of urban and rural loans was statically significant. The loan amount of a rotating â€Å"susu† group is equivalent to t he total amount contributed by its members at an agreed-upon time. The size of these cash contributions vary widely from one group to another. Members usually choose an amount that will yield a sizable enough fund for them to make ‘large’ purchases or to provide working capital for business. The appropriated size ay thus be derived from the cost of some of the goods that members wanted to buy, including household appliances and building materials. Some of the amounts being applied in the public departments of some urban areas are about 10% of the salaries of junior civil servants each month, yielding an intake (or loan amount) of ? 900,000. Most â€Å"susu’ collectors do not charge interest on their loans because all they do is advance amounts equivalent to what clients are obliged to save, less their own commission at about 3. 3% each month for the 30% of the sample who do charge interest on loans; particularly to non- depositor clients. It is obvious that when â€Å"susu† collectors decree to lend to non-clients they ehave like typical moneylenders, with the exception-that â€Å"susu† collectors intermediate funds that are mobilized through â€Å"susu† collection. However, in view of the high-risk and short-term nature of this activity, its scope is limited. In reference to collateral, â€Å"susu† collectors take security for granted in view of the nature of association. Thus, many â€Å"susu† collectors require security only when they lend to non-deposit clients (40% of the sample of collectors) and almost 70% of the cooperatives do not require security. Why do people engage in â€Å"susu†? Aryeetey (1996) found out in his research into the operations, utilizations, and changes in otating â€Å"susu† savings in Ghana that, in an economic climate where several social groups in the workforce find that their access to informal institutions is limited due to their socio-economic handicap, inf ormal institutions such as â€Å"susu† are bond to flourish. According to World Bank (1995), in areas where banking systems offer low quality services: The processing of deposit and redrawal takes several hours then â€Å"susu† is bond to flourish. Out of the four (4) â€Å"susu† contributors interviewed, three (3) representing 75% agreed to the fact that they engage in the â€Å"susu† because banks may be away from them but the â€Å"susu† collectors come to collect the daily contribution at their own convenience. All the four (4) agreed o the fact that many banking systems offer low quality services: the processing of deposits and withdrawal takes several hours and in some instances customer find no cash and must revisit the bank for withdrawal. CHAPTER FIVE Summary, conclusion and recommendations Introduction This chapter summarizes the findings in the study and draws conclusions on them. Finally it gives recommendations as to how to solve the p roblems entailed in the previous chapter and gives possible suggestions to improve on the operations of â€Å"susu† scheme by â€Å"susu† collectors. Summary The objective of this research carried on was to investigate on the problems facing â€Å"susu† collectors in the Bantama sub-metro. During the study, it was realized that â€Å"susu† groups and â€Å"susu† collectors kept good records on their activities. The majority of the â€Å"susu† collectors were females and majority of them had vocational school certificate. The â€Å"susu† groups prepared budget yearly with funds sourced from â€Å"susu† contributors re-invested into other businesses to raise enough interest to match against expenditure. Rules and regulations were set to be a guideline for book keeping at various â€Å"susu† groups. Appropriate budgetary system was conducted and financial books for various activities were kept properly and were used for different purposes except that â€Å"susu† collectors were not actively involved. A monitoring team hat checks the financial operations had been set up and external auditors audited the financial books kept strictly annually. â€Å"susu† collectors are attractive to low-income earners who need short-t erm working capital. The relatively low interest rate makes lending even more attractive, as does the possibility that repayment can be made daily in small amounts. Although the loans amounts are relatively small, their regularity enables many traders to smoothing their expenditure patterns by making immediate payments to suppliers and thus ensuring a regular flow of supplies. The small size of the loans and their very short maturity periods do not make them very useful for small and micro enterprises. Lastly a research work that was to be conducted on the improvement of operations of the â€Å"susu† scheme was yet to be done. Conclusion From the information obtained from the questionnaires and interviews, a conclusion needs to be drawn to assess the operations and problems faced by â€Å"susu† collectors in the country. The subheadings below present the conclusion: Administrative problems. Rules and regulations are set for â€Å"susu† groups with regards to the reporting guidelines and the proper action to be taken on the books kept at various â€Å"susu’ schemes. The â€Å"susu† groups were supposed to use the ATF reporting guidelines. The majority of â€Å"susu† collectors in Bantama sub-metro expressed their discomfort with this guideline stating it was so rigid and inflexible. The work of the external or independent auditors helps to prevent fraud and irregularities in the operations of the â€Å"susu† scheme. However, â€Å"susu† collectors expressed their discomfort when the external auditors are at the premises of the â€Å"susu† group stating that they distract and interrupt their daily operations and work. The daily budget drawn was to help a financial plan for a period of time. Many items of expenditure were mostly considered to match revenue for per year. â€Å"susu† collectors were not happy with the budget because they were not mostly considered in the budget as an expenditure item. Organization and operational problems As it was observed in the previous chapter, for a contribution to be redrawn by a contributor, he or she needs to inform the â€Å"susu† collector a day before the collection. â€Å"susu† contributors expressed their annoyance with the system and mistrust with this operation. This has been a problem â€Å"susu† collectors face with this operation. The â€Å"susu† groups offer jobs for the unemployed of this country and in so doing reduces the problem of high rate of unemployment. However â€Å"susu† collectors expressed their dissatisfaction with the amount they receive as salary especially during the month of November where most susu† collectors’ client and deposits per â€Å"susu† contributor increases in size. The monitoring team had not done enough study to ascertain the problems â€Å"susu† collectors face and even if they had done that. No effort was made to address these problem s. Also the various â€Å"susu† groups have personnel with varying educational background like those identified in the previous chapter. How ever the groups do not set a specific standard of qualification required. The analysis in the previous chapters reveals that â€Å"susu† collectors cannot grant longer-term loans given the short-term nature of their deposit liabilities. Also the loan amount of a rotating susu† group is equivalent to the total amount contributed by its members at an agreed-upon time. Most â€Å"susu† collectors do not charge interest on their loans because all they do is advance amounts equivalent to what clients are obliged to save, less their own commission. This reduces the profitability of â€Å"susu† groups as well as has effects on the salary of â€Å"susu† collectors. â€Å"susu† collectors require security only when they lend to non-deposit clients. â€Å"susu† collectors tend to face problems when s ome client fails to pay amount loaned to them. To conclude it all, â€Å"susu† collectors face administrative problems as well as problems in the organization and operation of the scheme. Recommendation. To improve upon the operation of the â€Å"susu† scheme in Bantama sub-metro after identifying the problems they face. The suggestions below should be taken into consideration. Rotating â€Å"susu† collectors association (ROSCA) should review the ATF guidelines regularly to ensure consistent application of the accounting standards to the accounting books kept. The budget implementation team should also ensure that, â€Å"susu† collectors problems are identified and included in the budget and ensure that funds are solely spent according to what has been budgeted. ROSCA should also set up an accounting advisory unit to update the accountant on proper books keeping and accounting which will facilitate proper planning and decision. In every institution, there must be a control mechanism in order to ensure effectiveness and efficiency. ROSCA should appoint internal auditors who will work permanently for â€Å"susu† groups alongside a set of rules and regulations to govern the conduct of these internal auditors. Regular research work must be encouraged by way of providing researchers with the needed information in order to determine the shortfalls of the operations of â€Å"susu† collectors. â€Å"susu† deposits should be educated on the operation of the scheme in order to avoid frequent blaming of â€Å"susu† collectors. To raise the amount of salary for â€Å"susu† collectors, a low interest should be charged to regular clients. This is to get enough funds to pay â€Å"susu† collectors. â€Å"susu† collectors should demand collateral security before loans can be advanced. This is to avoid the risk of loosing money in the operation of the scheme. The researcher supposes that, if the above suggestions recommended are carried out, it would improve upon the operations of the â€Å"susu† scheme by â€Å"susu† collectors in the Bantama sub- metro. Suggestions for further research. Research work conducted was limited to problems facing â€Å"susu† collectors in the Bantama sub-metro. The researcher therefore suggest further research work on the problems facing â€Å"susu† collectors in other sub-metros in Kumasi and Ghana at large. RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE